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<title>VeraCrypt - Free Open source disk encryption with strong security for the Paranoid</title>
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<h1>Notation</h1>
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<td><em>C</em></td>
<td>Ciphertext block</td>
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<td><em>DK()</em></td>
<td>Decryption algorithm using encryption/decryption key <em>K</em></td>
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<td><em>EK()</em></td>
<td>Encryption algorithm using encryption/decryption key <em>K</em></td>
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<td><em>H()</em></td>
<td>Hash function</td>
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<td><em>i</em></td>
<td>Block index for n-bit blocks; n is context-dependent</td>
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<td><em>K</em></td>
<td>Cryptographic key</td>
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<td><em>^</em></td>
<td>Bitwise exclusive-OR operation (XOR)</td>
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<td><em>&oplus;</em></td>
<td>Modulo 2n addition, where n is the bit size of the left-most operand and of the resultant value (e.g., if the left operand is a 1-bit value, and the right operand is a 2-bit value, then: 1 &oplus; 0 = 1; 1 &oplus; 1 = 0; 1 &oplus; 2 = 1; 1 &oplus; 3 = 0;
 0 &oplus; 0 = 0; 0 &oplus; 1 = 1; 0 &oplus; 2 = 0; 0 &oplus; 3 = 1)</td>
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<td><em>&otimes;</em></td>
<td>Modular multiplication of two polynomials over the binary field GF(2) modulo x128&#43;x7&#43;x2&#43;x&#43;1 (GF stands for Galois Field)</td>
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<td><em>||</em></td>
<td>Concatenation</td>
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